Introduction to RF Environment, System Noise Temperature, and Terrain

STK Pro, STK Premium (Air), STK Premium (Space), or STK Enterprise
You can obtain the necessary licenses for this tutorial by contacting AGI Support at support@agi.com or 1-800-924-7244.

The results of the tutorial may vary depending on the user settings and data enabled (online operations, terrain server, dynamic Earth data, etc.). It is acceptable to have different results.

This tutorial requires STK 12.9 or newer to complete.

Capabilities covered

This lesson covers the following STK Capabilities:

  • STK Pro
  • Communications

Problem statement

Engineers and operators require a fast, easy way to set up and analyze communication systems prior to employing them in the field. They want to understand how to simulate radio frequency environmental phenomena such as rain and atmospheric absorption. They need to specify and measure the system's inherent noise characteristics. They want a way to take into account elements of the surrounding terrain which may be blocking their line of sight, such as hills and mountains. Lastly, part of the system uses a servo system to steer an antenna which needs to be factored into the analysis.

Solution

Use STK Pro and the Communications capability to simulate real-world radio frequency (RF) environments. In this scenario you will apply RF atmospheric phenomena such as rain and atmospheric absorption to a link budget analysis. You will configure a receiver to account for and compute the system noise temperature. You will use local analytical terrain files to account for line of sight obstruction and will model a simple servo motor with a Sensor object.

What you will learn

Upon completion of this tutorial, you will understand:

  • How to add the ITU-R rain model and the ITU-R atmospheric absorption loss model in your scenario.
  • How to create a Medium Transmitter on a LEO satellite.
  • How to create a steerable ground site receiver antenna and a Complex Receiver model.
  • How to simulate real-world RF situations with the system temperature interface and the terrain mask constraint.
  • How to generate a Simple and a Detailed Link Budget report.

Video guidance

Watch the following video. Then follow the steps below, which incorporate the systems and missions you work on (sample inputs provided).

Using the starter scenario (*.vdf file)

To speed things up and enable you to focus on this lesson's main goal, you will use a partially created scenario. The partially created scenario is saved as a visual data file (VDF) in your STK install.

Retrieving the starter scenario

  1. Launch STK ().
  2. Click Open a Scenario () in the Welcome to STK dialog box.
  3. Go to <STK install folder>\Data\Resources\stktraining\VDFs\.
  4. Select STK_Communications.vdf.
  5. Click Open.

Visual data files versus Scenario files

You must make sure that you save your work in STK as a scenario file (.sc) and not a visual data file (.vdf) by selecting Save As from the STK File menu. A VDF is a compressed version of an STK scenario, which makes them great for sending your work in STK to others. However, you want to use a scenario file while working with STK on your machine.

If you open a VDF file, STK keeps it as a VDF and does not automatically convert it to a scenario file. This means, STK does not change the file type of your scenario when you launch your scenario. You need to convert the VDF to a Scenario file using Save As.

Saving a VDF file as a Scenario file

Use Save As from the STK File menu to convert the VDF file that you opened into a scenario file.

  1. Open the File menu.
  2. Select Save As.
  3. Select the STK User folder on the left side of the Save As window.
  4. Click New Folder.
  5. Rename New Folder to match the title of the scenario.
  6. Open the folder you just created.
  7. Enter the name of the folder into File name field. This is the Scenario object's name.
  8. Open the Save as type drop-down menu.
  9. Select Scenario Files (*.sc).
  10. Click Save.

Simulating real-world RF situations

You will analyze communications between a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite transmitter and a communications ground site receiver. The communications ground site is located in mountainous terrain. It employs a servo system that steers the antenna and is able to track the satellite. The satellite is in a repeating sun synchronous orbit.

Selecting the relevant objects

You will only use a portion of the objects in the Object Browser in this tutorial, not all of them. There are extra objects because you can use this same scenario to complete other lessons about the STK software's Communications capability.

  1. Select the checkbox for the following objects in the Object Browser:
    • Communication_Site ()
    • LEO_Sat ()
  2. Click Save ().

Save () often during this lesson!

Configuring terrain and atmospheric models to your scenario

Configure your scenario to include custom analytical terrain, the International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) rain model, and the ITU-R atmospheric absorption loss model. Later in this lesson, you will determine how these conditions affect your communications.

Loading custom analytical terrain

The Custom Analysis Terrain Sources table can be used to specify locally available terrain data files to be used for analysis and visualization.

  1. Right-click on your Scenario object () in the Object Browser.
  2. Select Properties ().
  3. Select the Basic - Terrain page when the Properties Browser opens.
  4. Select the Use checkbox for PtMugu_ChinaLake.pdtt in the Custom Analysis Terrain Sources list.
  5. Click Apply to accept your change and to keep the Properties Browser open.

Loading the ITU-R rain model

Environmental factors can affect the performance of a communications link. Apply rain and atmospheric absorption models to the analysis. Rain models are used to estimate the amount of degradation (or fading) of the signal when passing through rain.

Use an ITU-R rain model in your analysis.

  1. Select the RF - Environment page.
  2. Select the Rain, Cloud & Fog tab.
  3. Select the Use checkbox in the Rain Model frame. Leave the default ITU-R model.
  4. Click Apply to accept your change and to keep the Properties Browser open.

Loading the ITU-R atmospheric absorption model

Atmospheric Absorption models estimate the attenuation of atmospheric gases on terrestrial and slant path communication signals

In this case, use the default ITU-R Atmospheric Absorption model.

  1. Select the Atmospheric Absorption tab.
  2. Select the Use checkbox. Leave the default ITU-R model.
  3. Click OK to accept your changes and to close the Properties Browser.

Visualizing terrain in the 3D Graphics window

Display the communcations site and PtMugu_ChinaLake.pdtt in the 3D Graphics window.

  1. Select the PtMugu_ChinaLake.pdtt checkbox in Globe Manager.
  2. Bring the 3D Graphics window to the front.
  3. Right-click on Communication_Site () in the Object Browser.
  4. Select Zoom To.
  5. Use your mouse to view the terrain affecting the communication site.

Communication Site and Terrain

Modeling a Medium Transmitter

Use the Medium Transmitter model on the LEO satellite. Unlike the Simple Transmitter model, the Medium Transmitter model provides more flexibility by letting you specify gain and power separately instead of entering their product (EIRP) directly. The Medium Transmitter model uses an isotropic, omnidirectional antenna, which is an ideal spherical pattern antenna with constant gain.

Inserting a Transmitter object

Attach a Transmitter () object to LEO_Sat ().

  1. Select Transmitter () in the Insert STK Objects tool.
  2. Select the Insert Default () method.
  3. Click Insert...
  4. Select LEO_Sat () in the Select Object dialog.
  5. Click OK.
  6. Right-click on Transmitter1 () in the Object Browser.
  7. Select Rename in the shortcut menu.
  8. Rename Transmitter1 () to Downlink_Tx.

Configuring the Medium Transmitter model

Determine the properties of the Transmitter object.

  1. Open Downlink_Tx's () Properties ().
  2. Select the Basic – Definition page.
  3. Click the Transmitter Model Component Selector ().
  4. Select Medium Transmitter Model () in the Transmitter Models list once the Select Component dialog opens.
  5. Click OK to accept your selection and to close the Select Component dialog.
  6. Select the Model Specs tab.
  7. Enter the following specifications:
    8. Option Value
    Power 10 dBW
    Gain 20 dB
    Data Rate 10 Mb/sec
  8. Click OK to accept your changes and to close the Properties Browser.

Adding a servo motor to the ground site receiver antenna

Your ground site receiver antenna is steerable. To create a steering device (for example, a servo motor) in the STK application, you use a Sensor () object. A servo system is an automatic control system that, in this case, steers the ground antenna and points it at your target (for example, LEO_Sat ()).

  1. Insert a Sensor () object using the Insert Default () method.
  2. Select Communication_Site () in the Select Object dialog.
  3. Click OK.
  4. Rename Sensor1 () to Servo_Motor.

Modeling a parabolic receiver antenna

Half Power sensor patterns are designed to visually model parabolic antennas. The sensor half angle is determined by frequency and antenna diameter.

Half Power Sensor

Defining the sensor type

Add the Half Power sensor type model to the servo motor.

  1. Open Servo_Motor's () Properties ().
  2. Select the Basic - Definition page.
  3. Set the following options:
    4. Option Value
    Sensor Type Half Power
    Diameter 3.5 m
  4. Click Apply to accept your changes and to keep the Properties Browser open.

Raising the servo system's height

The servo system is 10 feet above the terrain. The location of the sensor is defined using a fixed displacement vector with respect to the parent object's body frame. Later, when you attach the receiver to the sensor, the receiver's antenna will also be 10 feet above the terrain.

  1. Select the Basic - Location page.
  2. Open the Location Type dropdown list.
  3. Select Fixed.
  4. Enter -10ft in the Z field.

    5. The parent object's (Communication_Site ()) positive Z-axis direction points to the Earth's center. Therefore, to raise Servo_motor () above the ground, you use a negative value for Z.

  5. Click Apply.

Setting the pointing type to Targeted

The Targeted pointing type causes the sensor to point to other objects in the scenario.

  1. Select the Basic - Pointing page.
  2. Open the Pointing Type dropdown list.
  3. Select Targeted.
  4. Open the Track Mode dropdown list.
  5. Select Receive.

    6. The antenna is oriented slightly “behind” the current location of the LEO satellite. The STK software computes the appropriate amount by which to trail based on the light time delay.

  6. Move () LEO_Sat () from the Available Targets list to the Assigned Targets list.
  7. Click OK to accept your changes and to close the Properties Browser.

Adding a Complex Receiver to the servo motor

Use a Complex Receiver model on the ground communications site. The Complex Receiver model enables you to select among a variety of analytical and realistic antenna models and to define the characteristics of the selected antenna type.

Inserting a Receiver object

Insert a Receiver () object and attach it to Servo_Motor ().

  1. Insert a Receiver () object using the Insert Default () method.
  2. Select Servo_Motor () in the Select Object dialog.
  3. Click OK to close the Select Object dialog.
  4. Rename Receiver1 () to Downlink_Rx.

Configuring the Complex Receiver model

Configure the downlink receiver to use a Complex Receiver model.

  1. Open Downlink_Rx's () Properties ().
  2. Select the Basic – Definition page.
  3. Click the Receiver Model Component Selector ().
  4. Select Complex Receiver Model () in the Receiver Models list.
  5. Click OK to accept your selection and to close the Select Component dialog.
  6. Click Apply.

    7. LNA refers to Low Noise Amplifier. If you have those specifications, you can add them.

Configuring the receiver parabolic antenna

A parabolic antenna uses a parabolic mirror to focus incoming signals onto one reception point or direct the emissions of signals from a focal point into a directed beam.

  1. Select the Antenna tab.
  2. Select the Model Specs sub-tab.
  3. Click the Antenna Model Component Selector ().
  4. Select Parabolic () in the Antenna Models list .
  5. Click OK to close the Select Component dialog.
  6. Enter 3.5 m in the Diameter field.
  7. Click Apply

Setting the RF environment to affect communications

Now that you have set up your STK objects and the surrounding environment, simulate how that environment will affect your communications. Use the Receiver's System Noise Temperature and enable the Terrain Mask constraint.

Configuring the System Noise Temperature

The Receiver's System Noise Temperature allows you to specify the system's inherent noise characteristics. These can help simulate real-world RF situations more accurately.

  1. Select the System Noise Temperature tab.
  2. Select the Compute option. If you have specifications for your receiver, you can add them. For this analysis, use all the default settings.
  3. Select the Compute option in the Antenna Noise frame.
  4. Select the following options:
    • Sun
    • Atmosphere
    • Rain
    • Cosmic Background
  5. Click Apply.

Enabling the Terrain Mask constraint

The Terrain Mask constraint determines instantaneous visibility based on detecting intersections of the instantaneous line of sight with the terrain surface.

  1. Select the Constraints - Active page.
  2. Click Add new constraints () in the Active Constraints toolbar.
  3. Select Terrain Mask in the Constraint Name list when the Select Constraints to Add dialog opens.
  4. Click Add.
  5. Click Close to close the Select Constraints to Add dialog.
  6. Click OK to accept the changes and close the Properties Browser.

Generating a Simple Link Budget report

Assess your communications with a simple link budget.

  1. Right-click on Downlink_Rx () in the Object Browser.
  2. Select Access… () in the shortcut menu.
  3. Expand () LEO_Sat () in the Associated Objects list once the Access Tool opens.
  4. Select Downlink_Tx ().
  5. Click .
  6. Click Link Budget... in the Reports frame.
  7. Scroll to the right in the Link Budget report.
  8. Locate the C/N (dB), Eb/No (dB), and BER columns.
  9. Scroll down through the report.

    10. Distance, rain and atmospheric absorption between the transmitter and receiver are causing fluctuations in your data.

  10. Close the Link Budget report.

Generating a Detailed Link Budget report

The retailed Link Budget report is a modified Link Budget report with added Access Data Provider Elements.

  1. Click Report & Graph Manager... in the Access Tool.
  2. Select the Link Budget - Detailed () report in the Installed Styles list once the Report & Graph Manager opens.
  3. Click Generate....
  4. Scroll to the Atmos Loss (dB) and Rain Loss (dB) columns.
  5. Scroll down.

    6. You can see that the losses increase and decrease. Most losses occur when the satellite is low on the horizon. The signal has to pass through more atmosphere, increasing the effects of rain and atmospheric absorption.

  6. Scroll to the right of the report and locate the C/N (dB), Eb/No (dB) and BER columns.

    7. Rain and atmospheric absorption create loses in C/N and Eb/No and increase your BER.

  7. Locate the Tatmos (K), Train (K), Tsun (K), Tcosmic (K), Tantenna (K) Tequivalent (K) columns/

    8. They show data based on system noise temperature.

You can use this report to determine when you are receiving good communications from the satellite based on your system requirements.

Saving your work

Clean up your workspace and save your scenario.

  1. Close any open reports, the Access Tool, and properties.
  2. Save () your work.

Summary

This was an introduction to using Medium Transmitter and Complex Receiver models. You learned how to create a simple servo system used to track a LEO satellite with your receiver antenna. You learned how to apply rain models, atmospheric absorption models and analytical terrain to your analysis. You used a Detailed Link Budget report that pulls data from more data providers than a simple link budget. Based on your analysis, you have determined that a viable communication link can be established between the satellite and the ground site.